## December 5, 2015

### Globular

#### Posted by John Baez

guest post by Jamie Vicary

When you’re trying to prove something in a monoidal category, or a higher category, string diagrams are a really useful technique, especially when you’re trying to get an intuition for what you’re doing. But when it comes to writing up your results, the problems start to mount. For a complex proof, it’s hard to be sure your result is correct — a slip of the pen could lead to a false proof, and an error that’s hard to find. And writing up your results can be a huge time-sink, requiring weeks or months using a graphics package, all just for some nice pictures that tell you little about the correctness of the proof, and become useless if you decide to change your approach. Computers should be able help with all these things, in the way that proof assistants like Coq and Agda are allowing us to work with traditional syntactic proofs in a more sophisticated way.

The purpose of this post is to introduce Globular, a new proof assistant for working with higher-categorical proofs using string diagrams. It’s available at http://globular.science, with documentation on the nab. It’s web-based, so everything happens right in your browser: build formal proofs, visualize and step through them; keep your proofs private, share them with collaborators, or make them publicly available.

Before we get into the technical details, here’s a screenshot of Globular in action:

The main part of the screen shows a diagram, which in this case is 2-dimensional. It represents a composite 2-cell in a finitely-presented 2-category, with the blue and red regions representing objects, the lines representing 1-cells, and the vertices representing 2-cells. In fact, this 2d diagram is just an intermediate state of a 3d proof, through which we’re navigating with the ‘Slice’ controls in the top-right. The proof itself has been built up by composing the generators listed in the signature, down the left-hand side of the screen. (If you want to take a look at this proof yourself, you can go straight there; in the top-right, set ‘Project’ to 0, then increment the second ‘Slice’ counter to scroll through the proof.)

Globular has been developed so far in the Quantum Group in the Oxford Computer Science department, by Krzysztof Bar, Katherine Casey, Aleks Kissinger, Jamie Vicary and Caspar Wylie. We haven’t quite got around to it yet, but Globular will be open-source, and we’re really keen for people to get involved and help build the software — there’s a huge amount to do! If you want to help out, get in touch.

Mathematical foundations. Globular is based on the theory of finitely-presented semistrict $n$-categories; at the moment, it works up to the level of 3-categories, with an extension to 4-categories actively in development. (You can build cells of any dimension, but from 4-cells and up, some structures are missing.)

Definitions of $n$-category vary in how strict they are; a definition is semistrict when it’s as strict as possible, while still having the property that every weak $n$-category satisfies it, up to equivalence. Definitions of semistrict $n$-category are not unique: in dimension 3, Gray categories put all the weak structure in the interchangers, while Simpson snucategories put it all in the unitors. Globular implements the axioms of a Gray category, because this is the most appropriate for the graphical calculus: the interchangers can be seen graphically, as changes in height of the components of the diagram. By the theory of k-tuply monoidal n-categories, this also lets you build proofs in a monoidal category, or a braided monoidal category, or a monoidal 2-category.

The only things that Globular understands are $k$-cells, for some value of $k$. So if you want to build an $n$-category where an equation $f=g$ holds between $n$-cells, you have to do it by adding $(n+1)$-cells $a:f \to g$ and $b:g \to f$. If you then build some composite $C(f)$ involving $f$, you can apply the cell $a$ to obtain $C(g)$, and we interpret this as the equation $C(f) = C(g)$. In a slogan, this is equality via rewriting. This is consistent with the basic premise of homotopy type theory: treat your proofs as first-order structures, which can in turn be reasoned about themselves.

Globular can also handle invertibility in a nice way. For a cell $F:A \to B$ to be invertible, indicated by ticking a box in the signature, means that there also exists an invertible cell $F^{-1}: B \to A$, and invertible cells $\text{id}_A \to F . F^{-1}$ and $\text{id}_B \to F^{-1} . F$. This is a coinductive definition (see Mike Shulman’s nice post on this topic), since we’re defining the notion of invertibility in terms of itself in a higher dimension. This sort of a definition is great for proof assistants to work with, as it allows a lot of structure to be generated from a single compact definition.

How it works. For a lot more details, take a look at the nLab page. Everything that happens in Globular involves in interaction between the signature on the left-hand side, and the diagram in the main part of the screen. The signature stores the ‘library’ of cells you have available, and the diagram is a particular composite of cells that you have constructed.

To construct a new diagram, clear whatever is currently displayed by clicking the ‘Clear’ button on the right, or pressing ‘c’. Then start by clicking the icon of a $n$-cell in your signature, which will make a diagram consisting just of that cell. Clicking on the icons of other $k$-generators for $0 < k \leq n$ will display a list of ways the cell can be attached, and when you choose one of these ways, the attachment will be performed, growing your $n$-diagram. (If you’re starting with a blank workspace you will only have a single 0-cell available, so you won’t be able to do this yet!) Clicking an $(n+1)$-cell $G$ displays a list of ways that your $n$-diagram $D$ can be rewritten, by identifying the source of $G$ as a subdiagram of $D$. Selecting one of these ways will implement the rewrite, by ‘cutting out’ the chosen subdiagram of $D$, and replacing it with the target of $G$.

Another way to modify the diagram is to click directly on it. Clicking near the edge of the diagram performs an attachment, while clicking in the interior of the diagram performs a rewrite. If more than one attachment or rewrite is consistent with your click, a little menu will pop up for you to choose what you want to do. When you move your mouse pointer over the diagram, a little label pops up to show you what your cursor is hovering over, which is helpful when choosing where to click.

You can also click-and-drag on the diagram. This will attach or rewrite with an interchanger, or naturality for an interchanger, or invertibility for an interchanger, depending on where you have clicked and the direction of the drag. Clicking and dragging is designed to work as if you were really ‘touching’ the strings. So if you want to braid one strand over another, click the strand to ‘grab’ it, and ‘pull’ it to one side. If you want to pull a vertex through a braiding, click the vertex to ‘grab’ it, and ‘pull’ it up or down through its adjacent braiding. Of course, Globular will only carry out the command if the move you are attempting to make is actually valid in that location.

Example theorems. Here are four worked examples of nontrivial proofs in Globular:

• Frobenius implies associative: http://globular.science/1512.004. In a monoidal category, if multiplication and comultiplication morphisms are unital, counital and Frobenius, then they are associative and coassociative.
• Strengthening an equivalence: http://globular.science/1512.007. In a 2-category, an equivalence gives rise to an adjoint equivalence, satisfying the snake equations.
• Swallowtail comes for free: http://globular.science/1512.006. In a monoidal 2-category, a weakly-dual pair of objects gives rise to a strongly-dual pair, satisfying the swallowtail equations.
• Pentagon and triangle implies $\lambda_I = \rho_I$: http://globular.science/1512.002. In a monoidal 2-category, if a pseudomonoid object satisfies pentagon and triangle equations, then it satisfies $\lambda_I = \rho_I$.

We’ll focus on the second example project “Strengthening an equivalence” listed above, and see how it was constructed. This project investigates the factthat every equivalence in a 2-category gives rise to an adjoint equivalence. To start, we therefore need the basic data that exhibits an equivalence in a 2-category: two 0-cells $A$ and $B$, and an invertible 1-cell $F:A \to B$, by the weak definition of ‘invertible’ discussed above. This gives us the following signature:

The 2-cells that witness invertibility of $F$ look like cups and caps in the graphical calculus, but they won’t satisfy the snake equations that define an adjoint equivalence. The idea of this proof is to define a new cap, built out of the invertible structure of $F$, which does satisfy the snake equations with the existing cup.

By starting with a diagram consisting of $F$ alone, pressing ‘i’ to take the identity diagram, and clicking-and-dragging, we build the the following 2-diagram, out of the invertible structure associated to $F$:

This is our candidate for our redefined cup. Its source is the identity on $A$, and its target is $F$ composed with $F^{-1}$. It looks a bit like the curved end of a hockey stick.

To store it for later use, we now click the ‘Theorem’ button. Writing $D$ for the 2-diagram we have constructed, this does two things. First, it creates a 2-cell generator that we call “New Cup”, whose source is $s(D)$, and whose target is $t(D)$. This is the redefined cup that we can use in future expressions. Second, it creates an invertible 3-cell generator that we call “New Cup Definition”, with source given by “New Cup”, and with target given by our hockey-stick diagram $D$. This says what “New Cup” means in terms of our original structure. This adds the following cells to our signature:

Because “New Cup Definition” is a 3-cell, by default we see two little icons: one for its source, and one for its target. See how its source is a little picture of “New Cup”, and its target is a little picture of the hockey stick, just as we defined it.

We’re now ready to prove one of the snake equations. We start by building the snake composite, using “New Cup” for the cup, and the invertible structure of $F$ for the cap:

Now have to prove that this equals the identity. Since equality is implemented by rewriting, we must construct a 3-diagram whose source is this snake composite, and whose target is the identity on $F$. To start, we click the ‘Identity’ button to convert our diagram into an identity 3-diagram. The only apparent effect this has is to add a number scroller to the ‘Slice’ area of the controls in the top-right. At the moment we can set this to ‘0’ and ‘1’, representing the source and target of our identity 3-diagram respectively. We set it to ‘1’, because we want to compose things to the target.

We now build up our proof. First, we click on the pink vertex that represents “New Cup”. This will attach our 3-cell “New Cup Definition”, replacing “New Cup” with our hockey-stick picture. By clicking-and-dragging on the diagram, we obtain the following sequence of pictures:

Pictures 3 to 10 were created by attaching interchangers, and pictures 11 to 15 were created by attaching higher structure generated by the invertibility of $F$. In all cases, this structure was attached just by clicking-and-dragging on the appropriate vertices of the diagram. We’ve turned the snake into the identity, so we’ve finished our proof, which required 14 3-cells. By using the ‘Slice’ control in the top-right, we can navigate through the 15 slices that make up our proof, and review what we just did. Even better, turning the ‘Project’ control to the value ‘1’ tells Globular to project out the lowest dimension. This means that our entire 3-diagram proof can be viewed as a single 2-dimensional diagram, as follows:

This is just like the Morse singularity graphics used by topologists to study the structure of higher-dimensional manifolds. In this picture, the vertices are 3-cells, the lines are 2-cells, and the regions are 1-cells (in fact, every region is the 1-cell $F$.) By moving your mouse pointer over the different parts of the diagram, you can see what the different components are. Interchangers are represented in this projection by braidings.

Now we can do something cool: we can modify our proof, by clicking-and-dragging on the Morse projection. For example, just to the right of centre, there is a crossing, out of which emerge two long vertical lines that travel up a long way before annihilating with one another. Our proof would be much simpler if these two lines just annihilated with each other right after the interchanger. So, we click the vertex at the top of the lines, and drag it down repeatedly, until it gets to where we want it:

We’ve simplified our proof. By clicking-and-dragging some more, you can change the proof in lots of different ways, although you probably won’t get it much simpler than this. Putting the ‘Project’ control back to ‘0’, and navigating through the stages of the proof with the ‘Slice’ control as we were doing before, we can see that our proof has indeed been modified.

This project has been in development for about 18 months, so it feels great to finally launch. We hope the whole community will get clicking-and-dragging, and let us know how easy it is to use, and what other features would be useful. There are certain to still be bugs, so let us know about them too, and we’ll get right on them.

Posted at December 5, 2015 9:03 PM UTC

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### Re: Globular

I learned from Chris Schommer-Pries’s answer to my MathOverflow question that there are two different reasonable notions of $\infty$-category, distinguished by (among other things) their treatment of infinity-dualizability and invertibility. Should I think of your coinductive notion of invertibility as preferencing one of these two notions, or is it agnostic?

I guess the answer has to do with how I understand coinduction. If I think that the predicate “invertible” has some independent meaning (and I usually do — e.g. in the complete n-fold Segal space model, I think of “invertible” as meaning that the morphism is essentially an identity), then the coinductive definition you give is undeniable. But If I think that coinduction means I “simply” unpack infinitely many times, then I conclude that for a morphism $F$ to be invertible consists simply of infinitely many higher morphisms $1 \to FF^{-1}$, $FF^{-1} \to 1$, etc., in which case it seems that you are settling on the version that Chris (in the above-linked MO answer) calls “$LCat_{(\infty,\infty)}$” — the one that Cheng’s theorem applies to.

Am I correct in this appraisal? I ask in part to refine my coinductive intuition. (Cointuition?)

Posted by: Theo Johnson-Freyd on December 6, 2015 2:24 AM | Permalink | Reply to this

### Re: Globular

A coinductive definition of “invertible” is incompatible with the word “invertible” having any independent meaning, since it is, well, a definition. As Chris says, $LCat_{(\infty,\infty)}$ is the coinductive one, whereas the other has a sort of “inductive” definition of equivalence.

Posted by: Mike Shulman on December 6, 2015 5:07 AM | Permalink | Reply to this

### Re: Globular

Maybe it would also be helpful to say this: a given “closure property” like “$f$ is invertible if and only if there exists $g$ and invertible maps $f g \to 1$ and $g f \to 1$” can be interpreted as either an inductive definition or as a coinductive definition. Inductively, it defines the smallest class satisfying the closure condition, whereas coinductively it defines the largest such class.

In practice, though, one rarely uses the same closure property for both an inductive and a coinductive definition. The closure properties used for coinductive definitions tend, when interpreted inductively, to yield the empty set, and that is the case for invertibility as well. For this reason, the closure conditions used for inductive definitions usually have a “base case” as well, like $0\in\mathbb{N}$ or the empty list. In the case of invertibility, to make the closure property sensible for an inductive definition, we suppose given the additional data of a separate class of morphisms and dub them “invertible” by fiat.

So perhaps when you say “If I think that the predicate ‘invertible’ has some independent meaning… then the coinductive definition you give is undeniable” what you are doing is noticing the fact that the inductive definition happens to satisfy the same closure condition that the coinductive definition does. But that doesn’t mean that it coincides with what’s defined by the coinductive definition. In abstract language, an endomap of a poset can have many fixed points, but it has only one greatest fixed point (the object it defines coinductively) and only one least fixed point (the object it defines inductively).

Posted by: Mike Shulman on December 6, 2015 5:23 AM | Permalink | Reply to this

### Re: Globular

You seem to be making a similar point in this MO comment.

Posted by: David Corfield on December 6, 2015 9:01 AM | Permalink | Reply to this

### Re: Globular

Wow, this is really exciting! I can’t wait to try it out (although it will be a little while before I have time).

Posted by: Mike Shulman on December 6, 2015 5:05 AM | Permalink | Reply to this

### Re: Globular

@Theo: I don’t know enough about the definitions of $\infty$-category you refer to to give a very intelligent answer. But the coinductive description of invertibility is very simple and general, and it’s difficult for me to imagine that it privileges any particular definition. I guess this is in line with Mike’s point that it is the most general notion in a certain sense.

@Mike: Thanks, hope you enjoy playing with it.

Posted by: Jamie Vicary on December 7, 2015 12:54 AM | Permalink | Reply to this

### Re: Globular

This looks nice. For my orientation, is there any overlap with quantomatic?

Posted by: Bas Spitters on December 11, 2015 11:24 AM | Permalink | Reply to this

### Re: Globular

Hi Bas, good question, especially since Krzysztof Bar and Aleks Kissinger have worked on both projects. No, there is no overlap. Quantomatic is a proof assistant for string diagrams in symmetric monoidal categories, for theories in which you can faithfully represent morphisms as graphs. For computations involving commutative Frobenius algebras, for example, this is ideal. Globular is more general, and is based on globular sets rather than graphs. But there are certain proofs that are very easy in Quantomatic, that are difficult and long-winded in Globular. Also, Quantomatic has some logical tools like bang boxes, while Globular is purely compositional.

Posted by: Jamie Vicary on December 11, 2015 12:12 PM | Permalink | Reply to this

### Re: Globular

Thanks. I did not see a link to the sources. Are they available yet? I am not so much interested in going through the sources at the moment, but it would be nice to see some high-level description of how you implemented it.

Posted by: Bas Spitters on December 13, 2015 7:38 AM | Permalink | Reply to this

### Re: Globular

Thanks. I did not see a link to the sources. Are they available yet? I am not so much interested in going through the sources at the moment, but it would be nice to see some high-level description of how you implemented it.

Posted by: Bas Spitters on December 13, 2015 7:38 AM | Permalink | Reply to this

### Re: Globular

In reality, the naive encoding of these normal forms has a huge amount of redundancy, since in every time slice, they tell you what’s going on everywhere in your diagram. But every $n$-diagram is mostly made up of identities, since at each time step, there’s just one $n$-cell that takes place; to the left and right of each $n$-cell, nothing is happening. So it’s much more efficient to just give a list of all the $n$-cells of the diagram, along with the coordinates at which they act. That’s what Globular does.